Dark matter and dark energy is essentially a plasma of hydroxyl ions.
Author; Rogelio Pérez Casadiego
The scientific theory teaches us that; dark matter; hypothetical matter that does not emit sufficient electromagnetic radiation, but whose existence can be inferred from gravitational effects that cause in the visible matter.
The dark energy is a form of dark matter that would be present in the whole space, producing a pressure that tends to accelerate the expansion of the Universe, resulting in a repulsive gravitational force.
Is there some kind of matter in the universe that has these physical characteristics of the dark matter and dark energy, which teaches the scientific theory, which is not a theoretical matter?
Hannes Olof Gösta Alfvén (Swedish: [alˈveːn]; 30 May 1908 – 2 April 1995) was a Swedish electrical engineer, plasma physicist and winner of the 1970 Nobel Prize in Physics for his work on magnetohydrodynamics (MHD). He described the class of MHD waves now known as Alfvén waves.
In 1937, Alfvén argued that if plasma pervaded the universe, it could then carry electric currents capable of generating a galactic magnetic field.
After winning the Nobel Prize for his works in magnetohydrodynamics, he emphasized that:
In order to understand the phenomena in a certain plasma region, it is necessary to map not only the magnetic but also the electric field and the electric currents. Space is filled with a network of currents which transfer energy and momentum over large or very large distances. The currents often pinch to filamentary or surface currents. The latter are likely to give space, as also interstellar and intergalactic space, a cellular structure.[1]
Alfvén was often forced to publish his papers in obscure journals.
Alfvén recalled:
When I describe the [plasma phenomena] according to this formulism most referees do not understand what I say and turn down my papers. With the referee system which rules US science today, this means that my papers are rarely accepted by the leading US journals.[2]
By contrast the current scientific consensus is that about 96% of the total energy density in the universe is not plasma or any other form of ordinary matter, but a combination of cold dark matter and dark energy.
Plasma is loosely described as an electrically neutral medium of positive and negative particles (i.e. the overall charge of a plasma is roughly zero).
Plasmas are by far the most common phase of ordinary matter in the universe, both by mass and by volume. Essentially, all of the visible light from space comes from stars, which are plasmas with a temperature such that they radiate strongly at visible wavelengths. Most of the ordinary (or baryonic) matter in the universe, however, is found in the intergalactic medium, which is also a plasma, but much hotter, so that it radiates primarily as X-rays.
Alfvén waves (low frequency hydromagnetic plasma oscillations) are named in his honor. Many of his theories about the solar system were verified as late as the 1980s through external measurements of cometary and planetary magnetospheres. But Alfvén himself noted that astrophysical textbooks poorly represented known plasma phenomena:A study of how a number of the most used textbooks in astrophysics treat important concepts such as double layers, critical velocity, pinch effects, and circuits is made. It is found that students using these textbooks remain essentially ignorant of even the existence of these concepts, despite the fact that some of them have been well known for half a century (e.g, double layers, Langmuir, 1929; pinch effect, Bennet, 1934).[3]Alfvén reported that of 17 of the most used textbooks on astrophysics, none mention the pinch effect, none mentioned critical ionization velocity, only two mentioned circuits, and three mentioned double layers.
Alfvén believed the problem with the Big Bang was that astrophysicists tried to extrapolate the origin of the universe from mathematical theories developed on the blackboard, rather than starting from known observable phenomena. He also considered the Big Bang to be a scientific myth devised to explain creation.[4]
Theory of the origin of the universe of water ice
Author; Rogelio Pérez
Casadiego
"this theory teaches that the universe was originated from a water ice (The ice
has the characteristic of having three spatial dimensions and once that we see
today), in which
suffers a physical process that causes a change,
passing of state solid to gas, a process known as sublimation, causing space with three spatial dimensions and once and rotation of the mass in the universe forming a
water fog, after
the condensation of this gas turning to the liquid state, then in this liquid water presents a movement of rotation,
which is increasing up to accelerate and to make rotate on its own axis (according
to this theory is the cause by which all the matter in the universe rotates),
which begins to radiate energy;
this energy radiated in the beginning of the universe, generated very high
temperatures (According to this theory
is the thermal radiation (CMB)), changing this water mass into a gas which
expands throughout whole universe(according
to this theory is the expansion that the universe experiment in its origin),
subsequently in the atoms of this radiated energy, the atoms begin a
spontaneous emission due to the interaction with matter, and there begins this
high energy to turn into photons, then
this water gas is assaulted by the photons of high energy (rays gamma), and the
water molecules are ionized by the absorption of light UV of high energy
resulting in the loss of electrons from the molecules of water generating a
vacuum in the midst of this water gas (
according to this theory is the vacuum of exterior space), and
matter was divided into 2 kinds of plasma; the first plasma, is formed by the
molecule of (-OH), these two atoms constitutes 95 %. Of the
percentage of the universe and the second plasma is formed of the hydrogen
atoms (+H) which
constitutes 5 % of the percentage of the universe”
Keywords;
Expansion, inflation.
Molecule of ion hydroxyl, ion hydrogen atoms. Gravitational Waves, water ice.
Introduction;
In this theoretical work is presented a different way
of seeing the universe, based on a series of scientific arguments that go focused
in that sense, being one of the main argument of this theory is to present a
universe originated from something and not nothing, and also a new way to view
the origin of the light in the universe.
The theory of relativity teaches that a mass that accelerates will have to radiate energy in the form of gravitational waves, these were generated according to the theory of relativity by a mass accelerated, and the best candidate to accelerate and radiate energy, is the water because of their molecular combination the oxygen and the hydrogen, can be used as a raw material, to form all the elements of the earth and the universe, as explained by the Doctor William A. Fowleren in his writing the elements can be transmuted[i], moreover the percentage of the mass of the water molecule, explains perfectly 100% of matter in the universe"
In the development of the background
to this work were written and were cited verbatim paragraphs of current
scientific research, which justify and reinforce this new way of viewing the
universe, by which we can say that it is not an isolated idea of the
researcher.
Scientific articles said; the start of the Universe should be modeled not as a
Big Bang but more like water freezing into ice, according to a team of
theoretical physicists at the University of Melbourne and RMIT University[ii].
This article presents a new theory on
the origin of the universe, which explains that the universe originated of water
ice, which after a physical process is passed to the gaseous state and then to
the liquid state, and due to a movement of rotation in the water, experiment an
acceleration in the mass of water up
to make rotate on its own axis, radiating energy
and ionizing their molecules causing an vacuum in the Middle this water gas,
converting the water gas into two kinds of plasma.
In this theory teaches that this
water body, from which all matter of the universe originates, experienced a
rotation movement, and by acceleration up made it rotate on its own axis,
currently the scientific have already proposed in their research:
“A left-handed and right-handed
imprint on the sky as reportedly revealed by galaxy rotation would imply the
universe was rotating from the very beginning and retained an overwhelmingly
strong angular momentum. This could imply that the primeval Big Bang universe
had rotation energy on a vast scale. Or at least there were powerful vorticies
in the primeval fireball. The galaxy spin direction is fossil evidence from
these vorticies. Likewise, the rotation and revolution of our solar system’s
planets is a relic of the spinning gas and dust disk that encircled the newborn
sun”, “This isn’t the first time astronomers claimed to have observed a
carousel universe. The cosmic microwave background from the big bang had
suspected anomalies that were once suggested as evidence of rotation, but were
later dismissed as instrumental effects”[iv]
At present important theoretical physicists like the
doctor Erik Verlinde, have declared themselves about the idea of the big explosion
saying; "is
illogical thinking that there was nothing and then it exploded.”I think we're
going to find out that what we thought was the Big Bang was in fact another
type of event".[v]
This hypothesis has antecedents in the old time the
pre-socratic philosopher and scientist Thales of Miletus, this referred to the
idea that everything was made of water, giving importance to the movement.
Another concept is on the expansion of the universe,
there is currently a scientific explanation, which proposes another explanation
of the expansion of the universe, which was published in the journal natural
that refers to the expansion of the mass of the atoms.[vii]
To explain the
acceleration of the expansion of the universe, astrophysicists have invoked dark energy – a hypothetical form of
energy that permeates all of space. A popular theory of dark energy, however,
does not fit new results on the value of the proton mass divided by the
electron mass in the early universe, the professor of astronomy of the University of Arizona, Rodger Thompson
finds that a popular alternative to Albert Einstein's theory for the
acceleration of the expansion of the universe does not fit newly obtained data
on a fundamental constant, the proton to electron mass ratio[viii].
Separately this theory teaches that
the light in the universe, not spontaneously generated due to a big explosion,
but that it originated gradually.
At the beginning, everything was darkness, until it reached the clarity
as part of a process of "illumination" apparently progressive, not
sudden, has said the prestigious astronomer Richard Ellis.[ix]
Today scientists know that there is a shortage of
light and they say; “It's as if you were in a brightly lit room, but to
look around only 40 watt bulbs you saw," noted Juna Kollmeier, lead author
of the study. "Where does all that light? Does not appear in our
census"[x].
Materials
and methods
The method to perform this research was the method
analytical and synthetic, because the method of scientific evolution should be
mixed, both for the discovery to science instruction, which is we use two
species of method.
Results;
The universe was originated from a water ice (The ice has the characteristic of having
three spatial dimensions and once that we see today), in which suffers a physical process that causes a change,
passing of state solid to gas, a process known as sublimation, forming a
water fog, after
the condensation of this gas turning to the liquid state, then in this liquid water presents a movement of
rotation, which is increasing up to accelerate and to make rotate on its own
axis (according to this theory is the
cause by which all the matter in the universe rotates), which begins to radiate energy, this energy radiated in the beginning of the universe,
generated very high temperatures (According to this theory is the thermal
radiation (CMB)), changing this water mass into a gas which expands
throughout whole universe(according to this theory is the expansion
that the universe experiment) in
its origin, subsequently in the atoms of this radiated energy, the atoms begin
a spontaneous emission due to the interaction with matter, and there begins
this high energy to turn into photons, then this water gas is assaulted by the photons of
high energy (rays gamma), and the water molecules are ionized by the absorption
of light UV of high energy resulting in the loss of electrons from the
molecules of water generating a vacuum in the midst of this water gas (
according to this theory is the vacuum of exterior space), and
matter was divided into 2 kinds of plasma; the first plasma, is formed by the
molecule of (-OH), these two atoms constitutes 95 %. Of the
percentage of the universe and the second plasma is formed of the hydrogen
atoms (+H) which
constitutes 5 % of the percentage of the universe.
The first plasma composed of (-OH), was formed what we know today as the dark matter and dark energy, which constitutes 95% of the totality of the universe and which formed oceans, ice water and liquid water in the universe., And the second plasma (+H) was formed clouds, stars, galaxies and the rest of astronomical structures that at present are observed, that constitutes 5 % of the matter of the universe, and of vacuum in the middle of this gas, in which the exterior space originates.
We know that the light is produced in the external
part that surrounds the nucleus of the atom where orbiting electrons, therefore
when the atoms are energized their electrons move to electronic layers of
higher energy.
Now the electrons are
unstable at high layers of higher energy, Thus they tend to fall lower energy
levels, but the decay to lower level, the conservation of energy requires the
emission of photons. Of the big radiated energy the atoms
begin a spontaneous emission due to the excitation of the atoms and to the
interaction with matter, that produces ionizing energy as gamma rays which
ionizes the water gas, Then there take place collisions ión-electron causing the x-rays emission, and the
electromagnetic waves begin to dilate for a process known as emission of
thermal braking, where the energy begins to turn into light, because the
law of conservation of energy affirms that energy cannot be created nor
destroyed, can only be changed from one form to another,
This energy there is a waning by successive collisions
between atoms, based in this principle, at that time between 365,000 and
380,000 years after this great acceleration appears the first ray of light
visible of the light spectrum, the (purple color) with a wavelength of
380-450nm, the electromagnetic waves in the universe were dilated
proportionally to the decay of the temperature by successive
collisions between those atoms, with time
by keeping the principle of conservation of energy, continues the
dilation of the electromagnetic waves and appears the second light beam of the
light spectrum color (blue), with a wavelength of 450 -495nm, in a similar
manner the third color (green), with a wavelength of 495-570nm, then the fourth
color (yellow) with a wavelength of 570-590nm, the fifth ray of light (orange )
,with a wavelength of 590-620nm, and, finally appears the sixth ray (red light)
620-750nm wavelength, this light spectrum originates the white light and the
universe cools.
Conclusions;
It is possible to conclude that the universe
originated from something and not of nothing, so it can be said that the
universe originated from an water ice, which after suffering different physical
process originated a large mass of water, which began to experience a movement
in it, that produces a big rotation of this water body on its own axis, as we
see that most matter in the universe moves. and energy irradiation, this energy raised the temperature of this water up to
turning into a gas that expand the whole universe, subsequently the atoms begin
a spontaneous emission due to the excitation and to the interaction with matter,
for the reason that of this appear gamma rays which ionize the molecules of water,
experiencing an vacuum in the middle of this water gas, turning the matter into
two plasma, one formed by atoms of (+ H) and other plasma formed by the
molecule of (-OH). The plasmas (+H) constitutes 5% of the universe and of
this was formed the clouds, stars, galaxies and all the astronomical structures
that we observe, and
the plasma (-OH) was formed what today we know as matter dark and dark energy
that constitutes the other 95% of the universe and which formed oceans, ice
water and liquid water in the universe..
Other one of the conclusions of this work, is that the
light in the universe originated from progressive form, keeping the principle
of conservation of the energy, is energy that radiated this mass of water,
caused by the acceleration, is converted into light, because the atoms begin a spontaneous emission due to the interaction with matter s,
turning into photons, and this energy turns little by little into light as
the low energy due to the successive collisions between atom. Also I think that this principle is associated with
the quantity of twinkles of gamma rays that occur in the universe.
Bibliographic;
1- Hannes, A (1990). "Cosmology in the Plasma Universe: An Introductory Exposition". IEEE Transactions on Plasma Science 18: 5–10. Bibcode:1990ITPS...18....5P. doi:10.1109/27.45495. ISSN 0093-3813.
2- Hannes Alfvén, "Memoirs of a Dissident Scientist", American Scientist, Volume 76, No 3, May–June 1988, pp. 249–251. Quoted in Joseph Paul Martino, Science Funding: Politics and Porkbarrel 1992, Transaction Publishers, ISBN 15600003303
3-Hannes Alfvén, "Double layers and circuits in astrophysics" (1986) IEEE Transactions on Plasma Science (ISSN 0093-3813), vol. PS-14, Dec. 1986, p. 779-793.
4-Hannes Alfvén, Cosmology—Myth or Science? J Astrophysics and Astronomy, vol. 5, pp. 79-98, (1984).
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http://es.wikihow.com/calcular-el-porcentaje-de-masa
http://www.chem.ufl.edu/~itl/4411L_f00/OH/OH.html
OH Emission
A New Source of
CO2 in the Universe: A Photoactivated Eley-Rideal Surface Reaction on Water
Ices(http://iopscience.iop.org/2041-8205/)
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http://www.theguardian.com/science/2014/mar/17/primordial-gravitational-wave-discovery-physics-bicep
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[iv]
http://news.discovery.com/space/do-we-live-in-a-spinning-universe-110708.htm
[v] http://www.dailygalaxy.com/my_weblog/2014/06/observation-of-600000-galaxies-confirms-gravity-as-driving-growth-of-the-universe.html
[vi] http://www.caosyciencia.com/ideas/articulo.php?id=121104
[viii]
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[ix]
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